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sudo -s
was surely meant to be working, but I have seen a case where it does not, depending on the hardware on which the live system is booted.
Using the ISO image for 32 bit and CD's of Mint 12, burned to a CD and booted from that CD, I saw this:
On a IBM R40 laptop It boots without any sign of error, but
* there is no icon on the desktop to the live-installer program
* sudo or SU does not work, user "mint" has blank password
* no infinity menu in the upper left corner, so Gnome Shell with MGSE is not running. Perhaps it is Gnome 3 in "fallback mode"?
This is the graphics chip of the R40: ATI Mobility Radeon 7500, 32 MiB RAM.
Perhaps it is the same bug on LMDE and Mint 12?
The same happens with an iso transferred to a USB pendrive, so it is not just because something went wrong in that image conversion.
Now, booting a newer SL500 laptop with nvidia G 105M graphics, the live system boots up in what looks like Gnome 3 + MGSE, with an icon on the desktop for the live-installer, the infinity menu works, and sudo works as expected.
It seems the error is triggered when the live system tries "plan B" with the GUI/gnome. Unfortunately it is far from obvious that the live-installer fails silently in the fallback gnome version (which is there because of poor hardware support for some graphics chips)