I am trying to install and having the same problem.
Check if you have installed the package linux-headers-3.2.0-23-generic (if not, install it).
Have already done this after reading a How To at "How To Forge" site. I have tried installing three versions of
VMware Player. V. 3.1.6 installed and gave the same error as OP reported. V.4.04 and 5.0.0 would not install
at all. The installed extracted but then I got the error shown below:

Since I have no need or intention to install any 64 bit OSes and since I downloaded 32 bit versions of VMware Player,
what gives? Anyone?
This installation is on my Lenovo X60 laptop running Linux Mint 13 Maya.(Cinnamon)
edited Nov. 7 2012 "SOLVED" sort of.
Apparently my Lenovo X60 will not support the installation of 64 bit OSes and VMware Player is written so that the CPU must have that capability even when installing a 32 bit version of VMware. I discovered a patch that allowed me to install v. 3.16 of the Player by running a kernel patch for 3.2 kernels however v. 3.16 apparently does not allow for installing Win8 since it is not listed in the versions of Windows that can be installed. Moreover as an experiment I tried installing another Linux distro and VMware complained that it is only designed to support kernels up to 2.6. Sheesh. However Bodhi Linux installed OK under VBox.