Sometimes this happens after having used it for a long time, usually shortly after logging in. Logging out or resetting X (ctrl+alt+backspace) doesn't help, I have to reboot to clear the problem. Looking at my syslog I find the following just after the problem occurs (logging is the same each time, this is from the first time I captured it):
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Sep 4 08:29:49 maya kernel: [ 188.331322] [drm:i915_hangcheck_elapsed] *ERROR* Hangcheck timer elapsed... GPU hung
Sep 4 08:29:49 maya kernel: [ 188.333634] [drm:i915_reset] *ERROR* GPU hanging too fast, declaring wedged!
Sep 4 08:29:49 maya kernel: [ 188.333638] [drm:i915_reset] *ERROR* Failed to reset chip.
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Sep 4 08:29:41 maya kernel: [ 180.541984] ------------[ cut here ]------------
Sep 4 08:29:41 maya kernel: [ 180.541990] WARNING: at /build/buildd/linux-3.2.0/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_drv.c:417 __gen6_gt_wait_for_fifo+0x94/0xa0 [i915]()
Sep 4 08:29:41 maya kernel: [ 180.541991] Hardware name: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Sep 4 08:29:41 maya kernel: [ 180.541992] Modules linked in: pci_stub vboxpci(O) vboxnetadp(O) vboxnetflt(O) vboxdrv(O) parport_pc ppdev binfmt_misc ip6t_LOG xt_hl ip6t_rt snd_hda_codec_realtek nf_conntrack_ipv6 nf_defrag_ipv6 ipt_REJECT ipt_LOG xt_limit xt_tcpudp xt_addrtype xt_state ip6table_filter snd_hda_intel snd_hda_codec snd_hwdep ip6_tables nf_conntrack_netbios_ns nf_conntrack_broadcast nf_nat_ftp nf_nat nf_conntrack_ipv4 nf_defrag_ipv4 nf_conntrack_ftp nf_conntrack iptable_filter psmouse snd_pcm ip_tables x_tables snd_seq_midi snd_rawmidi serio_raw snd_seq_midi_event snd_seq snd_timer snd_seq_device snd mac_hid soundcore snd_page_alloc mei(C) w83627ehf hwmon_vid coretemp lp parport i915 drm_kms_helper drm i2c_algo_bit usbhid hid r8169 video
Sep 4 08:29:41 maya kernel: [ 180.542013] Pid: 1371, comm: Xorg Tainted: G WC O 3.2.0-29-generic #46-Ubuntu
Sep 4 08:29:41 maya kernel: [ 180.542014] Call Trace:
Sep 4 08:29:41 maya kernel: [ 180.542017] [<ffffffff81066cff>] warn_slowpath_common+0x7f/0xc0
Sep 4 08:29:41 maya kernel: [ 180.542018] [<ffffffff81066d5a>] warn_slowpath_null+0x1a/0x20
Sep 4 08:29:41 maya kernel: [ 180.542023] [<ffffffffa00b4a04>] __gen6_gt_wait_for_fifo+0x94/0xa0 [i915]
Sep 4 08:29:41 maya kernel: [ 180.542028] [<ffffffffa00b50a1>] i915_write32+0xe1/0xf0 [i915]
Sep 4 08:29:41 maya kernel: [ 180.542036] [<ffffffffa00f1b52>] gen6_ring_put_irq+0xa2/0xc0 [i915]
Sep 4 08:29:41 maya kernel: [ 180.542042] [<ffffffffa00f1b88>] blt_ring_put_irq+0x18/0x20 [i915]
Sep 4 08:29:41 maya kernel: [ 180.542048] [<ffffffffa00c445c>] i915_gem_ring_throttle.isra.15+0x27c/0x290 [i915]
Sep 4 08:29:41 maya kernel: [ 180.542050] [<ffffffff8108aa50>] ? add_wait_queue+0x60/0x60
Sep 4 08:29:41 maya kernel: [ 180.542055] [<ffffffffa00c9c42>] i915_gem_throttle_ioctl+0x12/0x20 [i915]
Sep 4 08:29:41 maya kernel: [ 180.542060] [<ffffffffa00585d4>] drm_ioctl+0x444/0x510 [drm]
Sep 4 08:29:41 maya kernel: [ 180.542065] [<ffffffffa00c9c30>] ? i915_gem_busy_ioctl+0x160/0x160 [i915]
Sep 4 08:29:41 maya kernel: [ 180.542067] [<ffffffff8101db0b>] ? check_for_xstate+0x3b/0xc0
Sep 4 08:29:41 maya kernel: [ 180.542069] [<ffffffff8101dbe4>] ? restore_user_xstate+0x54/0xa0
Sep 4 08:29:41 maya kernel: [ 180.542071] [<ffffffff81189c5a>] do_vfs_ioctl+0x8a/0x340
Sep 4 08:29:41 maya kernel: [ 180.542073] [<ffffffff81189fa1>] sys_ioctl+0x91/0xa0
Sep 4 08:29:41 maya kernel: [ 180.542074] [<ffffffff81661ec2>] system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b
Sep 4 08:29:41 maya kernel: [ 180.542075] ---[ end trace 9f8d86f58ee9860e ]---
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System: Host: maya Kernel: 3.2.0-30-generic x86_64 (64 bit, gcc: 4.6.3) Desktop: N/A Distro: Linux Mint 13 Maya
Graphics: Card: Intel 2nd Generation Core Processor Family Integrated Graphics Controller bus-ID: 00:02.0
X.Org: 1.11.3 drivers: intel (unloaded: vesa,fbdev) Resolution: 1280x1024@60.0hz
GLX Renderer: Mesa DRI Intel Sandybridge Desktop GLX Version: 3.0 Mesa 8.0.2 Direct Rendering: Yes
What I've done so far (waiting for the problem to reoccur between each step), which may have lessened the frequency of the problem somewhat but didn't fix it:
- dist-upgrade, to upgrade to the latest kernel and xorg drivers as available in the default repositories;
- added ubuntu-x-swat PPA for newer stable Intel drivers (https://launchpad.net/~ubuntu-x-swat/+archive/x-updates);
- added i915.semaphores=1 to my boot parameters (it was set to -1 before that).